Slovak Elementary Teachers’ Attitudes towards Schoolyard Education

Authors

  • Alexander Kmeť Department of Didactics in Science, Psychology and Pedagogy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
  • Štefan Karolčík Department of Didactics in Science, Psychology and Pedagogy Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
  • Elena Čipková Department of Didactics in Science, Psychology and Pedagogy Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava
  • Alžbeta Dudášová Department of Didactics in Science, Psychology and Pedagogy Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/17.1/969

Keywords:

outdoor education, attitudinal scales, schoolyard education, schoolyard, garden-based education

Abstract

The sum of literature and research emphasising the use of schoolyard as a teaching tool grows every year, however, research that investigates the teachers’ attitude towards this novel educational concept is quite limited. Even fewer papers focus on usage of schoolyard as an educational tool in Central European conditions. Therefore, a questionnaire-based research was conducted on 306 Slovak teachers. The research aimed to investigate teacher’s attitudes towards schoolyard education, including the frequency of teaching at schoolyard, and to identify factors that may influence the attitude. The results imply that the attitude towards schoolyard education is generally positive. The factors that showed significant influence on the attitude were teachers’ personal preference and the region of Slovakia that they come from. On the other hand, no significant relationship has been identified between attitude and gender, experience, and the location of school (rural-urban). Results also imply, that teachers of vocational and physical education teach outside the most often. An open question asking the teachers for suggestions to make the schoolyard education at their school better was also included. The answers imply, that the most important barrier that the Slovak teachers face is the lack of material equipment and finance.

References

American Institutes for Research. (2005). Effects of outdoor education programs for children in California. American Institutes for Research. https://www.air.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/Outdoorschoolreport_0.pdf

Arıkan, K. (2021). A comparison of indoor and outdoor biology education: What is the effect on student knowledge, attitudes, and retention? Journal of Biological Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2021.1950809

Ayotte-Beaudet, J. P., Berrigan, F., Deschamps, A., L’Heureux, K., Beaudry, M. C., & Turcotte, S. (2023). K-11 teachers’ school-based outdoor education practices in the province of Québec, Canada: From local initiatives to a grassroots movement. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 24(2), 334–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2022.2164787

Behrendt, M., & Franklin, T. (2014). A review of research on school field trips and their value in education. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 9(3), 235–245. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1031445.pdf

Bentsen, P., & Jensen, F. S. (2012). The nature of udeskole: Outdoor learning theory and practice in Danish schools. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 12(3), 199–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2012.699806

Blair, D. (2009). The child in the garden: An evaluative review of the benefits of school gardening. The Journal of Environmental Education, 40(2), 15–38. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOEE.40.2.15-38

Borsos, E., Banos-González, I., Borić, E., Lyngved Staberg, R., & Bencéné Fekete, A. (2022). Trainee teachers’ perceptions on outdoor education. Environmental Education Research, 28(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2022.2031901

Burke, C., & Grosvenor, I. (2003). The school I’d like: Children and young people’s reflections on an education for the 21st century. Routledge Falmer. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203439074

Martin, S.C. (2003). The influence of outdoor schoolyard experiences on students’ environmental knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and comfort levels. Journal of Elementary Science Education, 15(2), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173843

Carrier, S. J. (2009). Environmental education in the schoolyard: learning styles and gender. The Journal of Environmental Education, 40(3), 2–12. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOEE.40.3.2-12

Carrier, S. J., Tugurian, L. P., & Thomson, M. M. (2013). Elementary science indoors and out: Teachers, time, and testing. Research in Science Education, 43, 2059–2083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-012-9347-5

Chawla, L. (2023). Young people’s experiences of participation in ecological restoration. Environmental Education Research, 30(6), 881–899. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2023.2203426

Cooley, S. J., Burns, V. E., & Cumming, J. (2014). The role of outdoor adventure education in facilitating group work in higher education. Higher Education, 69(4), 567–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-014-9791-4

Elder, J. (1998). Stories in the land: A place-based environmental education anthology. The Orion Society.

Elfer, C. (2011). Place-based education: A review of historical precedents in theory & practice (Doctoral dissertation). The University of Georgia.

Feille, K. & Nettles, J. (2019). Permission as support: Teacher perceptions of schoolyard pedagogy. Electronic Journal of Science Education, 23(3), 1–31. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1228449.pdf

Feille, K. (2021). A framework for the development of schoolyard pedagogy. Research in Science Education, 51, 1687–1704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-019-9860-x

Henriksson, A.-C. (2018). Primary school teachers’ perceptions of out-of-school learning within science education. LUMAT: International Journal on Math, Science and Technology Education, 6(2), 9–26. https://doi.org/10.31129/LUMAT.6.2.313

Jacob, J. (2017). Reliability: How? When? What? International Journal of Advances in Nursing Management, 5(4), 372–374. https://doi.org/10.5958/2454-2652.2017.00080.4

Kmeť, A., & Karolčík, Š. (2024). Learn and play: An insight into the quality of schoolyards in natural sciences education. Geografická Revue, 20(2), 4–28. https://doi.org/10.24040/GR.2024.20.2.4-15

Kmeť, A., Mázorová, H., Frolo, J., & Šmida, D. (2024). Do Slovak teachers teach outside? An insight into geography and biology teachers' opinions on outdoor education and place-based learning. Geographia Cassoviensis, 18(1), 66–77. https://doi.org/10.33542/GC2024-1-04

Larsson, A., & Rönnlund, M. (2021). The spatial practice of the schoolyard: A comparison between Swedish and French teachers' and principals' perceptions of educational outdoor spaces. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 21(2), 139-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2020.1755704

Ludwig, M., Jablonski, S., Caldeira, A. & Moura, A. (2020). Research on outdoor STEM education in the digital age – background and introduction. In M. Ludwig, S. Jablonski, A. Caldeira, & A. Moura (Eds.), Research on Outdoor STEM Education in the digiTal Age. Proceedings of the ROSETA Online Conference in June 2020 (pp. 5-9). WTM. https://doi.org/10.37626/GA9783959871440.0.01

Martin, A. J. (2011). The dramaturgy approach to education in nature: Reflections of a decade of International Vacation School Lipnice courses, Czech Republic, 1997–2007. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 11(1), 67-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2011.575691

McConnell, D. A., & van Der Hoeven Kraft, K. J. (2011). Affective domain and student learning in the geosciences. Journal of Geoscience Education, 59(3), 106-110. https://doi.org/10.5408/1.3604828

Michálek, A. (2017). Poverty risk trend in Slovakia: Changes in time and space. Quaestiones Geographicae, 36(4), 93 - 102. https://doi.org/10.1515/quageo-2017-0038

Munge, B., Thomas, G., & Heck, D. (2017). Outdoor fieldwork in higher education: Learning from multidisciplinary experience. Journal of Experiential Education, 41(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825917742165

Nikbay Arslantaş, Ç., & Bavlı, B. (2022). School-based outdoor education: A neglected practice at secondary level. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 24(2), 270-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2022.2143385

Orion, N., & Hofstein, A. (1994). Factors that influence learning during a scientific field trip in a natural environment. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 31, 1097-1119. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660311005

Picknoll, D., Down, M., & Hands, B. (2023). The nature and scope of outdoor education in Western Australia. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 26(2), 269-282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42322-023-00129-1

Plaka, V., & Skanavis, C. (2016). The feasibility of school gardens as an educational approach in Greece: A survey of Greek schools. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 10(2), 141-159. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJISD.2016.075546

Reckase, M. D. (1979). Unifactor latent trait models applied to multifactor tests: Results and implications. Journal of Educational Statistics, 4(3), 207-230. https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986004003207

Rickinson, M., Dillon, J., Teamey, K., Morris, M., Choi, M. Y., Sanders, D., & Benefield, P. (2004). A review of research on outdoor learning. National Foundation for Educational Research and King’s College London. https://informalscience.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Review-of-research-on-outdoor-learning.pdf

Romar, J. E., Enqvist, I., Kulmala, J., Kallio, J., & Tammelin, T. (2018). Physical activity and sedentary behaviour during outdoor learning and traditional indoor school days among Finnish primary school students. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 19(1), 28-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2018.1488594

Silverman, D. (2000). Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. Sage Publications Ltd.

Skamp, K. (2009). Understanding teachers’ ‘levels of use’ of learnscapes. Environmental Education Research, 15(1), 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620802629864

Skinner, E. A., Chi, U., & The Learning-Gardens Educational Assessment Group 1. (2012). Intrinsic motivation and engagement as “active ingredients” in garden-based education: examining models and measures derived from self-determination theory. The Journal of Environmental Education, 43(1), 16–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2011.596856

Svobodová, H., Durna, R., Mísařová, D., & Hofmann, E. (2020). A proposal of a concept of outdoor education for primary and lower secondary schools – The case of the Czech Republic. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 21(4), 336-356. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2020.1830138

Taylor, A. F., Butts-Wilmsmeyer, C., & Jordan, C. (2022). Nature-based instruction for science learning – A good fit for all: A controlled comparison of classroom versus nature. Environmental Education Research, 28(9), 1527-1546. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2022.2076811

Williams, D., & Dixon, P. S. (2013). Impact of garden-based learning on academic outcomes in schools: Synthesis of research between 1990 and 2010. Review of Educational Research, 83(2), 211-235. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654313475824

Wright, W., & Rowell, L. (2010). Examining the effect of gardening on vegetable consumption among youth in kindergarten through fifth grade. WMJ: Official Publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin, 109(3), 125-129.

Zhanga, Z., Stevenson, K. T., & Martin, K. L. (2022). Use of nature-based schoolyards predicts students’ perceptions of schoolyards as places to support learning, play, and mental health. Environmental Education Research, 28(9), 1271-1282. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2022.2032612

Downloads

Published

2025-03-28

How to Cite

Kmeť, A., Karolčík, Štefan, Čipková, E., & Dudášová, A. (2025). Slovak Elementary Teachers’ Attitudes towards Schoolyard Education. Revista Romaneasca Pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 17(1), 643-660. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/17.1/969

Issue

Section

Reform, Change and Innovation in Education